Blood pressure continued

Part two: why do we need such high blood pressure?

So we have seen how blood pressure can be used as an indicator of largely chronic effects, and that it is a very useful measurement to keep track of. But what about the more acute side of medicine? 

I was lucky enough to stay in cardiothoracic critical care in my local hospital for a while as part of a work experience scheme with a consultant anaesthetist (a very underrated speciality, I have decided). While I was there, I noticed that they were measuring blood pressure on almost every patient. None of the people on the ward was there for chronic problems, so why were they bothering to measure the blood pressure? 

The answer is that they needed to see whether the heart was working properly, as almost everyone there had just been in or was about to go into surgery for a heart operation. If the heart is pumping blood around the body, it will push against the outside of the arterial walls, which is what we call blood pressure. If the pressure decreases, it is likely that the heart is not pumping the blood so well, and the patient might need to be looked at in more detail.

But that is a very crude way of getting a very vague answer. What I wanted to know was what the blood pressure actually signified about the heart that the doctors were interested in. When I asked the consultant this, he answered me with another question: why do we need such high blood pressure? I'll admit, I didn't understand the question when he first asked me it. 

My first thought was that some of the organs need high blood pressure, such as the kidneys: in the nephron, blood needs to be at high pressure in order to undergo ultrafiltration. But there are very few bits of the body that are like that, so it doesn't make sense to have the whole system running under unnecessary stress. What could be the advantage of having high pressure in the system? Does it have an advantage in itself? No. The advantage of running any fluid system at high pressure is to make the fluid move fast. That's what really matters: how quickly can the blood transport the necessary nutrients to the organs, and take away the waste products.

Again, I thought I'd got it, that we needed to run at such high pressure in order to move the blood around our body fast enough to work properly. Sadly for me, it turns out that the pressure needed to move the blood around our body is much lower than the average blood pressure. All I'd done was work out the question: why do we have such high blood pressure, when the same blood flow could be achieved with much lower pressure?

Looking at it from a purely physical standpoint, it makes no sense that two different pressures in the same system can provide the same blood flow. Where is the pressure being lost? There must be some kind of resistance that we are artificially providing in order to keep flow lower than its maximum. The pressure could be coming from the organs, or the arteries. We already know that only a few organs need the maximum pressure, so it must be coming from the arteries before the blood reaches the tissue it's going to. That can easily be provided by the muscle layer in the vessels, but I still hadn't worked out why it happened, just how it happened.

Why would the body have adapted to provide more resistance in the vascular system, making more work for the heart? Because it's not a fixed system: the muscles in the arteries can relax, reducing the pressure for various tissues, increasing the flow to those organs. This means when any tissue needs to increase the rate it gets its nutrients, the resistance of the vessels supplying that tissue can drop, which makes the flow spike immediately.

So to answer the question, we need high blood pressure so that blood flow to any part of the body can be increased straight away. That doesn't really explain why they measure blood pressure. That'll be in part three.

April: Bumble Bees and Bloody Big Lasers

Stem Cells hit the news again in April as the first human heart was constructed using them. The Minnesota-based team created the organ using donated hearts that were stripped down to the collagen "scaffolding", then injected with stem cells, which specialised into heart cells in response to the structure they were injected into. While this technology is very far away from being able to be used in a clinical setting, this might open some doorways into stem cell transplants. 
Meanwhile in Japan, scientists have given mouse stem cells a specific combination of nutrients that has stimulated them into maturing into a functional retina: something to lookout for in the future for treatment of blind people.


The early Spring months also brought us news that mobile phones may be killing bumble bees, insects on which many crops and flowering plants lean on to survive. The research caused controversy in the bee-studying world, however, and many are skeptical about it, saying that there needs to be more research into air pollution and agriculture's effects on the creatures. There was no doubt about the need for research, though: the UN has already said that humans need to change their behavior in order to help bees survive, as we are so dependent on them.

In other science: the Extreme Light Infrastructure gets given the go-ahead by the European Commission. This is a collection of 3 lasers, each designed to emit pulses of greater power than has ever been used by human civilisation in order to try and break down vacuum itself.